La Navidad se ha convertido en el periodo de mayor consumo del año y por ello, en el momento perfecto para pasar por alto un trastorno psiquiátrico que constituye un grave problema social, económico y personal a las personas que lo padecen: la compra compulsiva. Tal y como explica el psiquiatra José Antonio López Rodríguez, miembro de la Asociación Española de Psiquiatría (ASEPP), “la insatisfacción general que se percibe, agravada estos últimos años como consecuencia de la crisis económica que atraviesa el país, encuentra su válvula de escape en las compras compulsivas del periodo navideño que afrontaremos en breve”.
La compra compulsiva difiere completamente de las compras excesivas que se producen durante los periodos de rebajas. Durante los periodos de saldo, muchos ciudadanos adquieren objetos que no han comprado en temporada por su precio; sin embargo, cuando hablamos de un comprador compulsivo nos referimos a un perfil completamente diferente. “Tienen una dependencia, una necesidad de comprar superior a su voluntad y son incapaces de controlarse. El comprador compulsivo, además, no respeta períodos”.
Este tipo de conducta responde a una insatisfacción y desilusión en general y suele estar asociada a un cuadro de ansiedad o problemas de adaptación. “El 80% de los casos se da en mujeres, muchas de ellas amas de casa de entre 40 y 60 años, que han perdido la motivación y suelen padecer un trastorno obsesivo”, asegura este experto. Junto con este perfil, “conviven otros no tan extendidos y conocidos: trabajadores con alto nivel de estrés para los que comprar el fin de semana se convierte en su válvula de escape, y adolescentes, en torno a los 17 años, con un nivel socioeconómico medio-alto con dificultades de adaptación, que pueden haber sufrido trastornos de personalidad o algún episodio depresivo moderado o un trastorno de la alimentación”, añade el experto. “No obstante, -matiza- la condición social no es determinante, el hecho de tener un mayor poder adquisitivo no implica que en personas con menos posibilidades no se reproduzca este tipo de trastorno”.
“El comprador compulsivo no compra para sí mismo en un tanto por ciento muy elevado de las veces”, indica el doctor López Rodriguez. Es más, para este tipo de consumidores, “no importa lo que se adquiera, lo fundamental es el deseo de satisfacer el impulso de compra”.
Tras la compra, llega la frustración y el enfado
Las compras realizadas por un paciente compulsivo, son precedidas de un deseo irresistible, acompañado de una gran tensión interna que sólo se alivia con la compra. “Tras el alivio de esta tensión, surge un pasajero sentimiento de bienestar, seguido de frustración y enfado debido a lo inútil de la compra y la insatisfacción personal por no haber sido capaz de contenerse”, explica el vicepresidente de ASEPP. Estos episodios se pueden llegar a reproducir varios días a la semana “y la personas afectadas tienden a ocultarlo a su allegados, que solo son conscientes de la situación en contadas ocasiones”, apunta.
“Los compradores compulsivos no reconocen el problema y, por tanto, no solicitan ni buscan ayuda de forma voluntaria. En la consulta de Psiquiatría solemos ver los casos más graves a los que han obligado a ir sus familiares o su pareja”, asegura el doctor. “Son personas que han puesto en peligro la economía familiar, incluso hay compradores con enormes deudas contraídas. De hecho, a medida que progresa el trastorno se deteriora más la relación con su entorno familiar y laboral”. Se estima que el 60% de los casos puede hacerse crónico. El doctor López Rodriguez aconseja acudir al médico “en el momento en que no se puede controlar el impulso y es más fuerte que le voluntad”.
“Muchos compradores impulsivos intentan resistirse sin lograrlo y recurren en ocasiones a la ayuda de personas de confianza para que les apoyen a superar los momentos de tensión”. Este apoyo de la familia y del entorno es fundamental, “los mejores resultados se obtienen con la combinación de un tratamiento farmacológico que permita mejorar la sintomatología junto con la psicoterapia cognitiva-conductual y el apoyo social” concluye el doctor.


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