La dieta para la celulitis
Se acerca el destape y con él, la hora de poner el foco en la “temida” celulitis. ¿Qué es, por qué se forma y qué podemos hacer para reducirla? Nuestro dietista Eric Iges nos aporta información de interés para poder responder a todas estas preguntas.
En primer lugar, para responder a la primera de las preguntas, por qué se forma la celulitis, vamos a dar un repaso a nuestra anatomía y a las capas de la piel. Debajo de la llamada celulitis encontramos la epidermis, en segundo lugar, está la dermis, a continuación, la grasa subcutánea y por último el tejido muscular.
Un juego de contrapesos
Una serie de fibras de colágeno paralelas unen y sujetan la dermis al músculo. Cuanto más tensas y rígidas se encuentren estas fibras, más se tensa la piel hacia abajo, mientras que por otra parte la grasa subcutánea tiende a ejercer presión hacia arriba. Estas diferencias de presión son las que ocasionan la celulitis.
Factores que la propician
Conociendo estos datos anatómicos, podemos empezar a saber cuáles son los principales factores que provocan una mayor aparición de celulitis y por qué aparece casi exclusivamente en las mujeres:
1- Mayor acumulación de grasa corporal. Las mujeres son más propensas a acumular más grasa corporal que los hombres. Es un factor evolutivo que necesariamente es así para que estas puedan afrontar el embarazo. Además, tienden a acumular mayor cantidad en la zona de los glúteos y caderas. Cuanto mayor sea la cantidad de grasa corporal, más se tensan las fibras de colágeno de las que hablamos y más se pueden notar los surcos característicos de la celulitis.
Relacionado directamente con esta mayor acumulación de grasa corporal se encuentra el ambiente hormonal característico de las mujeres. Unos niveles altos de progesterona favorecen esta acumulación de grasa.
Sumado a esto, y a modo de curiosidad y explicación, las mujeres tienen en cadera y glúteos mayor cantidad de unos receptores llamados α-adrenérgicos, los cuales favorecen procesos para acumular grasa. En cambio, los hombres en esta misma zona tienen mayor número de receptores β-adrenérgicos, los cuales favorecen procesos de quema de grasa.
2- El tono y la masa muscular. Una mayor masa muscular favorece que el aspecto de la piel sea más firme y provoca que la estructura interna no sea flácida, favoreciendo la aparición de celulitis.
3- La forma y tipo de fibras de colágeno. Estas fibras que conectaban básicamente la piel con el músculo, en las mujeres se encuentran dispuestas de forma paralela unas con otras. En cambio, en los hombres se encuentran dispuestas en forma de malla, formando como una red. Por lo tanto, en las mujeres, al estar sus fibras en paralelo, son más susceptibles a la degradación. De nuevo, las hormonas juegan un papel importante, ya que niveles más elevados de estrógenos (característico en mujeres) provocan que se produzca mayor cantidad de una enzima llamada colagenasa, la cual actúa sobre esas fibras de colágeno, pudiendo provocar que estén más rígidas.
4- El grosor de la piel también es relevante. Los hombres tienen la piel más gruesa, reflejando un aspecto más firme y con menor probabilidad de aparición de celulitis.
5- Una mala circulación sanguínea, una mayor retención de líquidos y la acumulación de toxinas en estas zonas pueden provocar una mayor aparición y visibilidad de la celulitis.
Dónde atacar
Contra la genética y los factores hormonales no se puede luchar, y hay que ser conscientes de ello. Sin embargo, contra ciertos factores de los mencionados sí se pueden dar una serie de recomendaciones que ayuden a mejorar la celulitis. La alimentación puede jugar un papel muy importante en este caso, ayudando a reducir la grasa corporal.
1. Se recomienda llevar una alimentación en la que estén presentes de manera diaria las frutas, verduras y hortalizas.
2. Un consumo suficiente de alimentos proteicos puede ser de gran relevancia, para favorecer el aumento de la masa muscular, aprovecharnos del gasto calórico asociado a su digestión y beneficiarnos de la saciedad que producen (especialmente interesantes en estos procesos de pérdida de peso o grasa corporal donde se lleva a cabo una dieta que genera un déficit calórico).
3. Tampoco hay que olvidar incluir alimentos ricos en hidratos de carbono complejos como el pan, pasta, arroz o cereales en su variedad integral, o tubérculos y legumbres.
4. Por último, los lípidos son otros de los macronutrientes que tener en cuenta. El aceite recomendado será el de oliva virgen extra, y los frutos secos y el pescado azul, rico en ácidos grasos omega 3, son sin duda excelentes fuentes de grasa saludables con propiedades antiinflamatorias que pueden resultar interesantes.
Y mucho ejercicio…
El ejercicio tiene una importancia vital en la mejora de la celulitis, sobre todo si a los entrenamientos más aeróbicos como andar, correr o nadar, sumamos entrenamientos de fuerza, ya que un aumento de la masa muscular puede ayudar a mejorar el aspecto de la piel, provocando que esté más tersa y menos estriada. Por lo tanto, entrenamientos individualizados que impliquen la aplicación de fuerza, ya sea con el propio peso corporal o con la movilización de cargas, son una de las bases para mejorar la celulitis.
Las terapias complementarias… ¿ayudan?
Sumados a la alimentación y el ejercicio, pueden ser muy útiles algunas terapias complementarias como la aplicación tópica de determinadas cremas “reductoras” o los masajes de distintos tipos y con técnicas diversas como drenajes linfáticos, ultrasonidos o láser. Estas técnicas no son muy invasivas y algunos estudios han mostrado que mejoran la circulación sanguínea o contribuyen a la reducción local de la grasa subcutánea





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